Originally published in MINEFILL 2020-2021

Leslie Correia & Brent Cothill
Paterson & Cooke Canada Inc

Phil Antunes P.E., P.Eng.
Simem Underground Solutions Inc

Sean James
Rearden Metals & Mining

SUMMARY

A zinc, copper and lead mine located in Canada has recently restarted oper­ations after several years under care and maintenance. The mine had an existing paste plant that was historically used for surface tailings deposition. The existing paste plant was over­hauled and retrofitted to be able to handle full plant tailings and produce cemented pastefill that will achieve the required target strengths underground. In this case study, the various design challenges faced and lessons learned are documented which led to the successful retrofit of the paste plant in 2019.
Keywords: Construction, Design, Retrofit, Paste

INTRODUCTION

After an improvement in base metal commodity prices during 2017, a zinc, copper and lead mine located in Canada has restarted operations after a hiatus caused by unfavourable market conditions and high operating costs. Various operating scenarios were considered, but ultim­ately, a revised mine plan was developed incorporating paste backfill.
Historically, backfill at the mine was produced at an existing hydraulic fill plant using clas­sified tailings. The fines portion of the tailings stream was sent to an existing paste plant used for surface tailings deposition only.
The mine’s capability to store tailings on site is limited. One of the requirements for mine restart-up was to maximise the placed density of tailings used as backfill and disposed on the tailings storage facility (TSF) by using full plant tailings. The mine design, therefore, had a longer-term plan that relied on pastefill and phased out hydraulic fill. Using the pastefill has an additional benefit of achieving a more consistent backfill product with better cycle times.
Several different plant design options were considered, each derived from the existing back­fill facilities on-site. Analysis of the hydraulic fill plant showed that this plant was not capable of handling full plant tailings required to produce paste. Feasible options identified included repurposing the existing paste plant with a new internal configuration or building a new paste plant using a combination of new and existing equipment. Inspection of the paste plant and subsequent trade-off studies demonstrated that the existing paste plant was in fair condition and held enough value leading in favour of the retrofit upgrade.
This paper documents the design and construction challenges associated with overhauling and retrofitting the existing paste plant providing a summary of lessons learnt.

2 PROCESS DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING PASTE PLANT FACILITY
The existing paste plant was historically used to dewater tailings slimes before deposition on the TSF. The paste plant included the following major pieces of equipment: A cyclone circuit, a high compression thickener, a single vacuum disc filter, a custom-made twin shaft mixer and two positive displacement pumps. A simplified flow sheet of the existing paste plant is pro­vided in Figure 1. Figure 2 provides a 3D model of the existing internal equipment and struc­ture within the paste plant building.
Tailings from the mill reports to a cyclone circuit located inside the paste plant (Figure 3a). The cyclone underflow is pumped to the hydraulic fill plant and the cyclone overflow is trans­ferred to a 25 m diameter high compression thickener (Figure 3b). Thickened tailings (~60%m) is transferred directly to a single vacuum disc filter unit (Figure 3a) to achieve a cake moisture content of 22 to 26%. The filtration unit is a GL&V 3.2 m unit equipped with 12 discs and has a total filtration area of 173 m².
The filtered tailings and trim water were fed to a custom-made continuous twin-shaft mixer (Figure 3c). The discharge from the mixer was via an overflow which allowed paste to be grav­ity fed to one of two 100 bar rated Schwing KSP 110 V (HD) L (one duty/one standby) piston positive displacement pumps (Figure 3d). The piston pumps distributed the uncemented paste to the TSF.

Figure 3. Photos of existing paste plant, (a) view of disc filter (left) and cyclones (right); (b) view of thickener adjacent to paste plant; (c) continuous mixer; (d) positive displacement pumps.

3 MECHANICAL UPGRADE/RETROFIT
The existing paste plant was redesigned to produce a cemented paste backfill product to sup­port the mining activities while matching the overall mill utilization of 85 to 92%. A comparison between the existing paste plant 3D model and the as built 3D model complete with the new retrofits is presented in Figure 4.
3.1 Cyclone circuit
The paste plant previously processed the fines fraction of tailings only. The retrofitted paste plant would use the total tailings stream and would bypass the cyclone circuit. The cyclone cluster was therefore removed to allow space for a new dust collector. Furthermore, the cyc­lone underflow tank and pumps were also removed to allow space for the relocation of the existing flocculant plant.
3.2 Thickener and process water tank
Remediation of both the thickener and process water tank were relatively well scoped and properly understood, however, difficulties arose during the clean-up of these items. The thick­ener overflow launder was full to overflowing with tailings fines, while the bottom of the thickener contained a significant bed of very dense material left behind, estimated to be about a metre thick towards the centre. Cleaning of these items required a significant amount of work using a vacuum truck, pressure washers, and labourers manually shovelling tailings in order to remove all of the compacted material. Due to escalating costs a decision was made to only remove enough material from the bottom of the thickener to perform a proper inspection of the rake and drive mechanism from within the tank. Once the thickener was refilled with water the rake was restated and used to carefully remove the thickener bed by incrementally lowering it until the torque readings stabilized and then repeat.

Figure 4. Comparison between (a) Existing 3D model and (b) As built 3D model (new equipment shown as blue).

The process water tank had substantial corrosion and required a more involved remediation or complete replacement. The tank was opened to facilitate sandblasting and painting of the interior. An initial inspection of the tank interior was not done as all the inspection hatches were inoperable due to corrosion. As such, once the process water tank was opened, it was discovered that it was more than half full of tailings. Again, the use of a vacuum truck, pres­sure washers and labourers were employed to empty the tank.
While these cleaning activities were seemingly small and partly anticipated, the magnitude of the time required to perform the work and the corresponding costs were substantial and noteworthy.
3.3 Thickener feed system
The only major modifications to the thickener were made to the feed system. The existing feed system incorporated a feed tank mounted near the centre of the bridge. Nine feed pipes reported to the tank, some continuous operation, some redundant. The discharge outlet nozzle of the feed tank was vertical and fed through a series of 45° elbows into the feedwell. This arrangement was replaced with a single common feed box mounted on the outside per­iphery of the thickener tank with one common feed pipe feeding tangentially into the feedwell. This will provide a homogeneous feed that can be injected without air or disturbing the settled bed that lies underneath the feedwell discharge.
The existing feedwell itself was a closed bottom design, 4 m in diameter and extended ~2 m in depth. It had a choked lower section fitted with a deflector cone and cone scraper. The deflector cone gap was fixed and did not allow for any changes in throughput. This con­figuration often lead to short circuiting of the coarse material within the feedwell creating a beach on the thickener tank floor (usually located either opposite to the feed entry point or further around, depending on the particle size). The beach caused an unbalanced load on the rake mechanism, torque spikes on the drive and intermittent slugs of coarse material to pass through the underflow nozzles. The feedwell was replaced with a correctly sized unit providing more efficient and newer technology that prevents short circuiting. This significantly improved the capture of fines and uniform distribution of solids into the thickener tank.

3.4 Vacuum disc filters
The existing vacuum disc filter was refurbished with a second 3.2 m dia. x 12 disc vacuum disc filter added to provide redundancy and/or boost the solids production capacity if required. The new filter was orientated in a left-hand configuration to compliment the right-hand con­figuration of the existing filter. This allowed both filtrate receivers and snap air tanks to be orientated in between the two disc filters optimizing the space available.
The support structure was extended to support the second filter (Figure 5 & 6). The existing flocculant plant was moved to where the cyclone underflow tank was located previously while the existing west staircase was moved over against the west side of the building. The new struc­ture allows top access to the filter feed tank and agitator.

3.5 Filter feed tank and pumps
The existing thickener underflow pumping system fed thickened tailings directly into the existing vacuum disc filter boot. As part of the retrofit, an agitated filter feed tank was introduced to provide a two hour surge capacity for the vacuum disc filters and allow for proper control of the slurry extraction density out of the thickener. The filter feed tank was located on the outside of the paste plant building with the filter feed pumps located directly underneath new vacuum disc filter inside the building. The filter feed pumps maintain a ring main header from which the existing and new filter boots are fed. A bypass on the ring main also allows trim slurry to be introduced directly into the mixer operation, thereby reducing the load on the filters.
3.6 Conveyors
The existing filter cake conveyor was replaced due to its poor condition and increased length required to serve both filters. Due to the limited elevation available between the filters and the new mixer, the belt angle of the main conveyor was set at 5°. The new main conveyor was also equipped with a reversing function allowing filtered tailings to be transported through the side of the plant. This will allow the mill to continue producing tailings in an upset condition where equipment/piping downstream of the mixer fail. In reverse, the main conveyor would transfer filter cake onto a secondary conveyor which in turn transfers the filter cake onto a stockpile allowing trucks to haul the filter cake to the TSF on a short-term basis.
3.7 Continuous mixer
During on-site visits, the paste produced by the existing mixer was witnessed to be full of lumps (filter cake). The filter had a very short residence time (~30 s) and was inadequate to ensure quality backfill production due to low energy input. It was also unlikely that the mixer would be able to adequately disperse the binder and produce a high-quality paste. A low-profile twin-shaft mixer was installed with a residence time of ~2.5 minutes. The new mixer was installed on a new lower steel platform.
3.8 PD pumps
Upon inspection of the two existing piston pumps, it was found that these pumps would need to be replaced due to the poor condition they were in. The associated hydraulic power packs were refurbished and reused. The new PD pumps were moved to align with a new paste hopper.

3.9 Cement system
As the existing paste plant was constructed for surface deposition only, a new cement system was added to the paste plant to allow binder to be fed into the mixer. This included a 168 m³ binder silo, rotary feeder, weigh-belt feeder and screw conveyor.
Initially, it was considered to locate the cement silo on the road side of the plant. However, it was concluded that there may be interference with mine traffic and that the required screw conveyor lengths would be such that it would impede the lifting bay near the mixer. A location behind the paste plant was selected instead that resulted in a short conveyance inside the building to the mixer. To feed the silo, cement trucks park in a lay-by area and transfer cement via tubing across the paste plant to the silo.
Construction of the binder silo was challenging. A bolt up silo was ideal for the limited site access but the tight work envelope made is difficult to take advantage of having a larger crew assembling rings in parallel. This in turn used up more crane stand-by hours waiting on the next ring to be placed.
Another take-away from this is to understand the contractor’s capabilities to perform spe­cific specialized work. Construction of a bolt-up silo requires specialized installation expertise in order to get the greatest efficiency out of the construction. The incumbent contractor could rarely dedicate itself to silo construction due to shifting priorities and this resulted in substan­tial project schedule delays.

3.10 Piping and valves
Much of the piping and valving in the plant was installed as new with the exception of some runs of gland water and compressed air piping dedicated to existing equipment.
4 CIVIL/STRUCTURAL UPGRADE/RETROFIT
Initial inspections were conducted to determine the condition of the structure, equipment and tanks that would be reused in the retrofit. While most of the structure was in good condition, any steel that had been in contact with tailings was corroded and required remediation (Figure 7). Fortunately, the equipment and structure with the most significant corrosion and those that had seen resourceful repairs by plant staff were to anyway be replaced by new equipment and structural steel as part of the retrofit. These included the filter cake conveyor, paste mixer and mixer platform structures. The remaining structural members that had minor contact with tailings spillage were sand blasted or wheel abraded in place and coated with a two-part epoxy to protect from future exposure.
4.1 Building code
The original paste plant engineering was completed in 2002 using the 1998 British Columbia Building Code while the 2012 British Columbia Building code was required for the plant upgrades. The 2012 code has seen substantial amendments including the seismic design requirements.
The initial structural design approach for the retrofit was to maintain isolation between the original and new equipment structures to minimize upgrades required to the original struc­tures. However, due to the building envelope size, process flow and equipment layout, the resulting structural load paths required certain upgrades to the existing structure as well as an over design of the new structural components to compensate for the insufficient seismic resist­ance of the existing.

4.2 Soil/Foundation conditions
Perhaps the most challenging part of the structural design was related to foundation condi­tions and the resulting impacts to the surrounding building elements. This specifically applied to the binder silo.
The existing structure and layout of the process equipment favoured a design that elevated the silo outlet to allow the binder screw conveyor to feed horizontally into the mixer. The spe­cification required 250 tonnes of live binder storage. The procured silo had a 4.67 m diameter, an outlet height at 12.8 m and a silo eave height of ~22.5 m which resulted in a centre of grav­ity at 16 m. In addition, through the procurement process, a skirted silo design was selected rather than a custom structural platform for economic and layout reasons.
The silo layout was based on geotechnical assumptions before the commencement of the detailed design and the allowable soil loads could be determined. When past geotechnical data and reports were reviewed, it was found that the existing plant subgrade was largely fill mater­ial and the existing building and equipment footings were placed on dynamically compacted subgrade. Furthermore, the densification required for construction was performed only in areas where the footings were constructed in 2002 and the condition of the surrounding grade was unknown. A follow-up geotechnical investigation confirmed that the soils were composed of “mixed organics, mine waste rock, and other mine waste materials” to a depth of 3.3 m and limited the allowable soil bearing capacity to 75 kPa.
As per the geotechnical findings and resultant loads, calculations required a raft footing of 10.7 m by 10.2 m to resist to overturning moment of the relatively tall silo and high load. The site layout, however, set the distance from the centreline of the silo to the outside of the exist­ing building to only 3.345 m. This accordingly required that the silo foundation to encroach into the building by over 2 m via concrete and rebar to tie into the structural steel supporting footings on the building’s interior. When the need for a large raft footing was determined, a design review was called to determine alternatives. Options reviewed included silo reloca­tion, pile foundations and anchoring to a nearby rock slope. In the end, the raft footing design was retained which resulted in construction sequence modifications.
The results of the geotechnical assessment indicated that a novel approach would need to be taken during excavation in order to avoid undercutting the existing building footings. The pro­cess specified by the geotechnical team called for excavating narrow channels, roughly a metre in width, to the specified elevation in order to avoid unloading the footings that the building columns were situated on. Engineered material was then backfilled into the cavity in 300 mm lifts and compacted with a hoe-pack until the final elevation at which the concrete would be formed and poured on was reached. Once an excavation was complete, the excavator would move over and begin the next cut until the full width of the foundation was excavated and back­filled. This was a time consuming and costly exercise that had to be carefully supervised and regularly surveyed. Normally a bulk excavation would be sufficient for such work.
The design challenges that were faced with the binder silo foundation also created add­itional construction challenges. In order to properly construct the foundation, the stem wall to the building had to be cut out and removed and the floor in the north east corner of the plant was saw-cut and removed. Rebar for the silo foundation was specified as Ø25 mm bar, layered at ~200 mm spacings. To effectively tie the foundation into the interior structural footings, it was necessary to extend the bar into the building and dowel into the existing concrete before pouring new concrete around it (Figure 8).

It was essential that the concrete forming the binder silo foundation was isolated from the building footings while still being fully tied into the upgraded structural steel support­ing footings. This was done to avoid complex interactions with the new footings, poten­tial problems due to differential settlement and the need to update to current building and seismic codes.

An additional complication was that approximately three times as many anchor bolts were required for the silo to comply to the seismic regulations of the code. This configuration was not provided in the original vendor issued for construction (IFC) drawings and, as such, was unknown at the time of the foundation design. Resultantly, no consideration was given to anchor bolt locations in relation to rebar in the foundations. The contractor had an exception­ally difficult time drilling holes for anchor bolts as they continually intercepted rebar due to the tight bar spacing and large bar diameter. In hindsight, a better approach would have been to template and place embeds during the pour.
The filter feed tank foundation was less complex as it did not have to resist the same over­turning forces and, with a wider base, had different load characteristics. However, the excava­tion requirements were largely the same and the same issues with anchor bolt placement was encountered.
4.3 Structural steel
A complete 3D model of the building and equipment was created during the design. The prin­ciple equipment components and main structural members were well accounted for and accur­ately depicted in the model. However, some existing ancillary items, such as process piping, equipment components, cable tray routing and building tension bracing, were not all accounted for or correctly modelled. As such, the entire building and contained equipment were photo logged and manually measured to create an accurate model.
There were several cases where items were inaccurately estimated and caused rework onsite due to interferences. While none of these had a direct impact on the critical path of the instal­lation activities, they nonetheless impacted the cost of the work and ultimately caused some delays to the overall schedule.
One example case included a key load-carrying beam on the north side of the plant directly interfered with one of the primary building columns. Similarly, a load carrying beam interfer­ence was discovered on the conveyor deck. These example cases required a redesign, add­itional steel fabrication and additional installation time.

In another case, the interference of the disc filter access deck with the motor for the bay door was discovered. As part of the retrofit design, the existing 3 platform stair tower had to be translated westward by 10 m to allow for the insertion of the new disc filter support struc­ture. The tower also required modification to allow the upper floor to be extended for access and maintenance. The model indicated that the modified deck and tower would be tight up against the west wall but the main overhead door access to the plant would remain clear. However, when the tower was moved and modified, it was discovered that the location of the door motor and track did not match the model even though the main plant overhead door was accounted for. As a result, main load bearing column carrying the upper deck had to be removed and the tower had to be modified, requiring a substantial redesign.
4.4 Cantilever staircase to access binder system
Once the silo foundation design was finalized, the necessary access bridge could be detailed to connect the interior mixer deck to the silo. The initial intention was for a short stair run and platform that would be attached to both ends; one to the silo and the other to the interior mixer deck. It was subsequently found that no provision for loads or attachments of a platform had been made on the skirted silo design. The access platform and staircase therefore needed to be completely supported from the mixer deck structure which required a creative design effort due to limited anchoring members being available. Furthermore, the cantilever platform required a 90° turn which needed to be incorporated into the support design.
The challenges associated with the design of the cantilevered access platform were realized because the precise location of the silo could not be predicted by the design team, partly because of the necessity to situate the base ring wherever the anchor bolts could be drilled around the rebar in the concrete. The resulting stair and platform (Figure 9) are functional although it required site modifications to limit the deflections and minimize the gap between the platform and silo entrance.
4.5 Overland pipe installation
Several challenges were encountered with the overland paste pipeline layout and installation. No as-built survey information was available at the time of design. The design layout of the overland pipeline was therefore indicative and, in order to account for various interferences in the pipeline corridor, specified as “field fit” to the contractor’s discretion.

A “field-fit” slope was indicated on the pipe run between the plant and the primary switch­over station. Sloped pipe supports were designed which could be adjusted to suit the in-situ slope requirements. Due to the way the curve switch-over spools were oriented, this slope could vary considerably without causing any layout issues. The pipe runs both east (to a borehole) and west (to a portal) from the same switch-over station and had no specification for sloped pipe brackets even though both runs were on a slight slope (<2%). This was han­dled by adjusting the drop spool of the switch-over station and then using grout packs to make up the gaps under the pipe supports.
As a survey laid out the pipe supports required along the retaining wall at the portal entrance, it was noted that the centreline for the pipe would be a little over a metre away from the portal retaining wall. However, the design specified the pipe centreline as being approximately 0.3 metres away from the concrete. This off-set was necessary in order to tie the paste pipeline from surface in with the underground installation which was already in place. An excavation was done adjacent to the wall and it was discovered that the portal retaining wall footing would also be in the way of the planned pipe sup­port. Resultantly, a bespoke pipe support had to be designed that was doweled into the retaining wall footing.
5 ELECTRICAL UPGRADE/RETROFIT
The electrical updates required to support the retrofit required an additional 575 kW to the existing electrical load and approximately 330 control inputs and outputs in addition to vari­ous protocoled communication links with field devices.
5.1 Existing cables and hardware
The inspection of the cable runs revealed that the cable trays were both overloaded and covered in tailings. Large sections of cable trays were replaced due to poor condition arising from corrosion (Figure 10). Electrical cabling suffered the same fate with large quantities of it being replaced due to cracked sheathing and great difficulties in identifying which cables were in good conditions and which not. The poor condition of the cables and trays in the plant ended up being significant both in terms of cost and having a negative impact on the project schedule.

5.2 MCC
The Mine specifications required that Motor Control Centre (MCC) were NEMA rated which requires an isolated enclosure, or “bucket” for each motor. Repurposing unused buck­ets in the existing MCC was problematic as many items were missing or had been modified historically. In addition, the design had to rely on outdated single line diagrams and cabinet layouts. Buckets were, however, repaired and utilized where possible to reduce the required size of the new MCC. Even so, the new equipment increased the plant motor count by over 45 in total and the new MCC required to house all this switch gear was over 6 m long in addition to several subpanels. Several MCC layouts and locations were considered including locating the new MCC in the plant area underneath the relocated stair tower which would separate it from the existing electrical room. This would, however, have complicated the control wiring and communications while requiring an upgrade to an IP65 enclosure. The existing electrical room was therefore reorganized to accommodate all the new switch gear and still meet code clearance requirements.
5.3 Automation hardware and software
The mine had planned to utilize the existing PLC and hardware with the addition of an expan­sion I/O to accommodate the new equipment. The Wonderware SCADA and HMI system were also to be reworked to minimize impact to the existing automation. After a thorough review it was found that the existing Quantum PLC had been obsolete and while service and repair would be available in the near future, new components were only available through 3rd party vendors who had excess inventory. As the plant life was scheduled until 2028, there was a concern that the existing automation hardware would not support the operation. In addition to the availability and support of the automation hardware, the PLC would also struggle to accomplish the required scan times. Lastly, the communication required to incorporate new vendor PLCs for components like the paste pumps which were supplied with modern PLCs was also of concern.
Once all these concerns were presented, it was agreed that the automation package required an upgrade to modern components, software and operating systems to provide longevity and scalability. Up to this time, the automation and interface programming were impacting both schedule and costs. An alternative solution was made to use the existing I/O’s and that only new components added to the system would require new I/O points. The existing PLC was replaced with a communication module and the associated I/O rack would become a slave rack to the new PLC. There was still a risk of having obsolete I/O cards in the existing rack, but these could still be purchased and kept as spares. Importantly, the CPU and communica­tion modules were new and expected to be available and supported well past the life of the plant.

6 BUDGET
The initial budget allocated to the project was sufficient based on reasonable expectations of costs garnered from past projects in conjunction with the scale of the work required. It did, however, suffer from some challenges along the way.
The project budget was based on a pre-feasibility design and fairly recent cost estimates. However, a stifled commodities/trade environment placed pressure on this estimate. During the bidding period, a sudden uptick in available local work caused rising labour costs while ongoing international tariff negotiations caused steel prices to rise, thereby influencing costs of both structural steel and piping. In an effort to control these costs, the project was submit­ted to tender for a second time to attempt a reduced construction costs through more robust competition. Concessions were made on long lead orders (e.g. piping) to reduce costs in exchange for higher risk on delivery and/or compromises on other commercial terms.

A second item that influenced the budget was the remote location of the project that seemed to be a unique area where potential contractor companies seem reluctant to mobilize. Adding to this, although the project budget was significant, the available construction budget seemed to fall below the threshold for project work that major mining contractors were willing to under­take. Correspondingly, many of the local construction firms were simply not large enough or properly equipped to take on the work. This left very few suitors and created a near monopoly for the very few companies that were both willing to take the work and large enough to be successful on the project. This made getting truly competitive bids very challenging. In hind­sight, it would have been wise to make the project more financially attractive by including other parts of the scope in the tender package in an effort to attract some of the larger competitors.
The third key budget item was directly associated with the installation of the paste pipelines and associated infrastructure in the underground mine. Much of the mine was in adequate condition to accept paste line installation with little of the mine rehabilitation performed in advanced. The areas for the paste pipeline installation were beset with a variety of issues including bad ground, redundant or old services, failing services, blockages due to hydraulic fill spills, water, etc. While rehabilitating the mine should not be included in the paste line installation scope, costs should have been allowed for the reconfiguration of the existing ser­vices in order to accommodate the paste lines.
Finally, the budget did not make allowance for issues associated with new construction on poor foundation soils in an active seismic zone. Costs associated with upgrading structural foundations, technical excavation of fill materials around building footings, and two sizeable foundation pours in support of the filter feed tank and, the binder silo were categorically out of scope and not typical.

7 SCHEDULE
As with most retrofit projects, the paste plant refit had its fair share of scheduling challenges. The original restart schedule was aggressive as the mine endeavoured to get underway as soon as practicably possible in order to start generating revenues to off-set capital costs.
7.1 Long lead procurement
Initially, accountability for many of the mine’s restart projects, including the paste plant retro­fit, was with one person. Resultantly, procurement of long lead items languished due to many competing priorities. Due to procurement delays, the principle vendor selection criteria was often the delivery schedule which resulted in price escalation and budget impact. In other cases, the agreed-on delivery date could not actually be met causing construction inefficiencies and associated increase in costs.
Additionally, delays on the procurement side introduced further delays on the detailed engineering side with the most noteworthy delays being to the civil and structural design. A notable example of this, was the binder silo (discussed earlier) as this required significant rework to both the structural members and the footings/foundations.
Allocating sufficient procuremnt time is important to maintain the budget as the owner has time to make informed decisions and to create competition between vendors for new business.

7.2 Design drawings & supply delays
Initially, design drawings were issued for tender with basic assumptions being made in respect to configuration of civils, structural, mechanical, and piping.
Civil and Structural IFC drawings were delayed due to redesign which stemmed primarily from the follow-up site geotechnical assessment. As discussed previously, this incurred signifi­cant rework for the concrete footings, the concrete volumes, rebar configuration, and struc­tural steel configuration to access the binder silo.

The changes to the drawings resulted in approximately one month’s additional delay for steel fabrication and delivery. The delay closed the window on available floor time with the steel vendor and only part of the original scope was completed. To expedite the remainder of the work, the contractor fabricated a portion of the steel inventory in their own local shop.
While obtaining quotes for the new MCC a review of the drawings and specifications uncovered that the vendor had erroneously used the Issued for Tender drawings and not the IFC drawings when constructing the MCC configuration. While this was the vendor’s mismanagement of information, it highlights the importance of carefully managing draw­ing revisions and the critical importance of reviewing build specifications prior to com­mitting to a purchase. The MCC took close to six months from order to delivery and since it was a critical path item, an incorrect build would have been an enormous setback.
7.3 Construction tender, bids, and award
As discussed earlier, the construction scope for this project was ultimately tendered twice. This was largely due to a lack of initial competitive bids but was also deemed necessary because of scope changes resulting from the design updates. The design updates, as has previ­ously been noted, were directly related to both procurement delays and the consequential detailed engineering delays. As a result, the award for the construction contract was delayed by three months.
This schedule impact was further complicated with the addition of the structural steel supply to the construction contract. This was a long lead item and the contractor was forced to begin construction in parallel with structural steel deliveries. While there were activities that preceded the steel installation, it was a tight scheduling window and, as previously identified, there were challenges which caused significant delays.

7.4 Filter cake production
Towards the end of construction, the mine decided to run the mill which would require the paste plant to be operational to the extent that it could produce filter cake. In order to accom­modate this, temporary electrical connections had to be made to the parts of the circuit required to produce filter cake. This included both conveyors, the original disc filter, process and gland water systems, the thickener, and the thickener underflow pumping system. This change in priorities caused a significant cost escalation and approximately two months delay to the schedule.
7.5 Underground pours
At the time that this paper was written, two successful underground paste pours have been completed. The mine is planning to ramp up production shortly to ensure the paste backfill adequately supports the current mine plan.
8 CONCLUSIONS
One of the allures of retrofitting an existing plant is to take advantage of the existing infra­structure. However, there is a risk to this approach and careful consideration should be given to what items can be practically salvaged.
Generally, the mechanical and piping aspects of the plant construction were relatively smooth. There were areas that caused difficulty though, and while the work was anticipated, the magnitude of that work during construction was somewhat underestimated. Most of the challenges experienced with construction of the plant were associated with the civil and structural packages. Key issues causing difficulties were poor foundation materials surrounding the plant, seismic requirements, design requirements for new binder silo, insuffi­cient as-built information for the interior structural steel and unplanned structural interfer­ences. Ultimately, the mine has been able to successfully conclude the paste plant retrofit job (Figure 11) with cemented paste being poured underground.

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REFERENCES

Minefill 2020-2021
Editors
Ferri Hassani
McGill University, Canada
Jan Palarski
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Violetta Sokoła-Szewioła
Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Grzegorz Strozik
Silesian University of Technology, Poland

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